What is journal entry?

Do you know what is Journal entry? No! ohk let's understand what is Journal entry with many examples therefor your basics will be strong in accounting. Journal entry is the backbone of accounting like blood is for our body. We will also understand what is debit and credit. After reading the coplete article your basics will be strong. I guarantee!

So let’s understand what is meant by journal entry?

Journal entry is a starting point for accounting or bookkeeping. You have to understand that you cannot understand accounting in depth without properly understanding the journal entry. For example, doctors will first check the patient's illness to find out about any disease. In the same way before perceive accounting, you have to understand the journal entries and the concept behind it.

Before starting about journal entry let's understand the flow of accounting:

Journal entry

Before introducing accounting concept small businessmen recorded their day to day transactions in the diary. But over the time working culture and accounting types has changed now. Now it is not possible to record lacs and crores of transaction in the diary or on manually basis. So the culture of working has totally changed now.

When a transaction occurred then first step is to make a source document. After making source document, next step is to record transaction in the system in the form of journal entry.

For example, A company has incurred an expenditure which will affect two accounts (1) Expenses Account (2) Cash Account.

Expenses Account : Because we incurred an expenditure so that one account which will affect is expenditure account. Expenditure may be of any types e.g. Rent paid, Salary Paid, Overhead, Labour Paid etc.

Cash Account/Creditor : we will record as cash paid or expenses incurred on credit.

Debit and credit

Journal Entry would be:

Dr - Expenses A/c Dr. xxx

Cr - To cash A/c xxx

In the above entry one account is debited(Expenses A/c) and other account is credited(Cash A/c). This is called double entry system.

What is double entry system?

If any expenditure has occurred then profit and loss account & Balance Sheet will get affected by this transaction. In the above example we are incurring expenditure for which we have to pay cash. It means cash is going. In this case our cash will be reduced from opening balance in balance sheet and expenditure will be recorded in the profit and loss account. Both debit and credit give different effects. This is how the dual entry system actually does work. Both liability and assets side will be equal due to this double-entry system.

Double entry system

Now we will do ledger posting of this journal entry:-

Dr. Expenditure A/c Cr.

Particular	Amount	Particular	Amount
To Cash A/c	XXX	To Balance c/d	XXX
Total	XXX	Total	XXX

Dr. Cash A/c Cr.

Particular	Amount	Particular	Amount
To Balance c/d	XXX	By Expenditure A/c	XXX
Total	XXX	Total	XXX

As we can see from the above 2 accounts what is the effect of this transaction. Now the expenditure will be debited to profit and loss A/c and cash will be reduced from the initial balance of Cash A/c(Balance Sheet)

Profit and Loss A/c

Expense	Amount	Income	Amount
Expenditure	XXX	Sale	XXX
Material	XXX
Net profit	XXX
Total	XXX	Total	XXX

Net profit or loss would be transfer to the Balance sheet and cash will be reduced from initial cash as stated below:

Balance Sheet

Liability	Amount	Assets	Amount
Share capital	xxx	Fixed Assets	xxx
Profit and loss A/c	xxx	Cash xxx
Current Liability	xxx	Expenditure incurred (xxx)	xxx
Total	xxx		xxx

This is the whole procedure to record any journal entry and treatment after it.

One more thing you must know is that Dr. and Cr. are abbreviated for debit and credit.

Journal Entry Format

Journal entry contains Debit and Credit. One account will be debited and other will be credited. We can understand this by an example:

Example: Suppose rent paid by Mr.Pankaj amounting to Rs.5000 to the owner Mr.shyam in cash.

Date	Particular		Rs.	Rs.
01/01/2020	Rent A/c	Dr	5000
	To Shyam A/c	Cr.		5000
Narration : Being rent payable to shyam
01/01/2020	Shyam A/c	Dr.	5000
	To Cash A/c	Cr.		5000
Narration : Being rent paid to shyam

Examples of Journal Entry for student

Example 1 : Material purchased of Rs. 50000 paid in cash

Solution : Since material purchased in cash then cash is to be credited and purchase A/c will be debited.

Date	Particular		Rs.	Rs.
01/01/2020	Purchase A/c	Dr	50000
	To cash A/c	Cr.		50000
Narration : Being cash paid for the purchase of material

Example 2 : Piya incurred advertisement expenditure on credit from Sanam Amt to Rs.8000 and payment made on 08/01/2020

Soultion : Since expenditure incurred on credit it means we will pay later to the creditor(sanam). Hence We have to credit with the name of creditor(sanam). Entry would be:

Date	Particular		Rs.	Rs.
02/01/2020	Advertisement Exp A/c	Dr	8000
	To Sanam A/c	Cr.		8000
Narration : Being Adv. Exp payable to sanam
05/01/2020	Sanam A/c Dr.	Dr.	8000
	To Cash A/c	Cr.		8000
Narration : Being adv exp paid to Sanam

Example 3 : Rent Received amounting to Rs. 500000 from Raju

Solution: We received cash on account of rent. Hence cash account would be debited and income account or rent account as the case may be would be credited.

Date	Particular		Rs.	Rs.
10/01/2020	Cash A/c	Dr	8000
	To Rent Received A/c	Cr.		8000
Narration: Being cash received towards rent
10/01/2020	Rent rec A/c	Dr.	8000
	To Income A/c	Cr.		8000
Narration: Rent received treated as Income

Example 4 : Journal Entry of Depreciation

Solution: In this case fixed assets would be reduced hence will be credited and depreciation account would be charged in profit and loss account on the expenditure side. Journal entry of depreciation would be:

Date	Particular		Rs.	Rs.
12/01/2020	Depreciation A/c	Dr	10000
	To Fixed Assets A/c	Cr.		10000
Being Depreciation charged

Example 5 : Journal Entry for bad debts

Solution: If we have any doubt over recovery from debtor then we are creating a provision for bad debts account and when it becomes finalize that recovery of that is not possible then provision for bad debts account will be transferred to bad debts account. Bad debts would be adjusted against the debtor. It means debtor would be reduced when entry passed with bad debts. Further you can understand with the below entries:

Date		Particular		Rs.	Rs.
31/03/2020		P & L A/c	Dr	25000
		To Provision for doubtful debts A/c	Cr.		25000
Being provision for doubtful debts created
10/04/2020		Prov. For doubtful debts A/c	Dr.	25000
		To Bad Debts	Cr.		25000
Being Bad debts recorded against provision.
30/04/2020	Bad debts A/c		Dr.	25000
	To Debtor A/c		Cr.			25000
Being Bad debts adjusted with debtor.

Example 6 : Sales of Rs.500000 made during April month

Answer : Sales account will be credited and cash account will be debited.

Date	Particular		Rs.	Rs.
30/04/2020	Cash A/c	Dr	500000
	To sales A/c	Cr.		500000
Being sales made of Rs. 500000

Hope this article really helped you to understand journal entry. If any doubt still pending then you can ask me through comment or email.

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